The MOS 6502, 6507, 6510, and 8502 have identical instruction sets (and registers).
The 6507 has the reduced address bus;
The 6502 is the baseline model (‘lawsuit-compatible’ version of the 6500)
The 6510 has a parallel port addressed at locations 0 & 1, used on the Commodore 64 for memory banking controls and Datasette interface
The 8502 is a 6510 with glue for the Commodore 128's FAST mode and co-operation with the Z80 coprocessor.
The WD 65C02 (used in some Apples, among other things) adds a few instructions and does away with most of the undocumented (‘illegal’) instructions (like, say, ‘lax’)
The WD 65816 adds a 16-bit mode but maintains the full 8-bit instruction set, again at the cost of losing the undocumented instructions.
The Ricoh RP 2A03 and 2A07 from the NES are instruction-set compatible (including undocumented instructions) with the 6502 for the most part, but Decimal mode is not available, and the sound generator (APU) is on the same chip.
HTH