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Just Jeff

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I'm trying to figure out how to write in-tune music with the 2600 so as a first step, I wrote this little routine that changes frequency without changing the frequency register- AUDFx. There are little hiccups in the sound that so far have me stumped. All of the NOPs in there were to lower the frequency for a less annoying "siren" sound.

DigitalNoise.bin

DigitalNoise.asm

Edited by BNE Jeff
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That was on my 2600.

 

While Stella's audio emulation is much better than it used to be, it's still not all the way there. Stella's undergoing a major overhaul right now. From that topic:

Thank you! Audio is currently unchanged from the old implementation, but we have plans to hook up a new audio implementation once we've stabilized Stella 5. Initial work (based on work by Chris Brenner) on this was done by Steve more than one year ago, but he stopped as the new code was very difficult to integrate with the old TIA. Things should be much smoother with the new core.

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In the most current pre-release (5.0.0-pre6), the sound is a little better than the last stable release (4.7.3), in that there are no 'gaps' in the sound. But it's still not perfect, which will hopefully be fixed in the TIA audio overhaul as Spiceware mentioned.

 

I should also add that in Stella 4.7.3, the scanline count is all over the place, which could account for the sound being off. In the 5.0.0-pre6, it runs at a consistent 342 scanlines, with no gaps in the playback. Turn on the scanline counter with Alt-L to see what I mean.

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OK.. I created a digital version of Mary Had a Little Lamb that is working, but is way,way out of tune. I've re-checked my math but can't quite figure out where I went wrong,

 

Can anyone see where I went wrong? My frequency calculations (I explain where I define C5) or cycle counts maybe? I also found the song using different notes, put them in and it made little or no difference.

; Digital Mary Had a Little Lamb
; 
; 29 April 2017

; Mary Had A Little Lamb
; EDCDEEE
; DDDEGG
; EDCDEEEa
; EDDEDC

;or is it
;BAGABBB
;AAABDD
;BAGABBBB
;AABAG

; dasm MHALL.asm -f3 -v0 -sMHALL.sym -lMHALL.lst -oMHALL.bin
; Attempt to produce a simple in-tune song

    PROCESSOR 6502
    
    include vcs.h      
    
;==============================================================================
; Define Notes
;==============================================================================






C_FIVE    = 141  ; 141 C5 is 523.25 Hz. 6507 runs at 1,193,333 Hz.
				 ; 1,193,333/523.25= 2280.6 machine cycles
				 ; Divide by 2 for each half of the square wave
				 ; equals 1140.3 machine cycles
				 ; the wait loops are 8 cycles which means I need to loop
				 ; through approximately 142 times for each half wave
				 ; Subtract 1 for the 5 cycle delay in initial AUDV0 loadings
D_FIVE    = 125  ; 125
E_FIVE    = 112  ; 112
F_FIVE    = 105  ; 105
G_FIVE    = 94   ; 94
A_FIVE    = 83   ; 83
B_FIVE    = 74   ; 74

END_SONG  = 0	 ;

WHOLE_NOTE = 255
HALF_NOTE = 128
QUARTER_NOTE = 64

 
    SEG.U VARS
    
    ORG $80             

    ; Start of Cartridge
    ; Tell DASM to start here. RAM begins at $80
    
Hold5:					ds 1	; Used to hold wave high or low
CurrentNoteDuration: 	ds 1	; Quarter note, half note, etc
CurrentNote:			ds 1	; Which note the song is on

    ; define the segment for code
    SEG CODE    
    
    ; 2K ROM starts at $F800, 4K ROM starts at $F000
    ORG $F800
    
     
InitSystem:

	sei				; Set Interrupt
	cld  			; Clear the decimal bit.
	ldx #$FF		; Start at the top of the stack
	txs				; Transfer to the stack
	lda #0		
ClearMem:
	sta 0,X			; Store zero at (0+X)
	dex				; Do all of RAM
	bne ClearMem	; Repeat if we are not down to zero

;==============================================================================
; Load Tune
;==============================================================================

LoadTune:
	lda Song,y			; Load the current note of the song (half wave value)
	sta Hold5			; Store it in RAM
	lda Song+1,y		; Load the duration of the note
	sta CurrentNoteDuration ; Store it in RAM
           
Tone:
	lda	#$0F            ; 2 set volume high for high part of square wave
    sta AUDV0           ; 3
;==============================================================================
; Wave High
;==============================================================================
WaitHigh:				; Loop to hold high part of wave
	dec Hold5			; 5 
	bne WaitHigh		; 3 8 8 machine cycles per loop through
WaitHighFine:			; Future use for fine tuning notes with a 5 cycle loop
	;dex				; Future use for fine tuning notes with a 5 cycle loop
	;bne WaitHighFine	; 
	lda Song,y			; 4 Re-load the current note of the song
	sta Hold5			; 3 Store it in RAM for low half of the wave

;==============================================================================
; Wave Low
;==============================================================================
Interval:
    lda #$00            ; 2 Turn off volume for bottom of square wave
    sta AUDV0           ; 3
WaitLow:				; 
	dec Hold5			; 5
	bne WaitLow			; 3 8 Holds 8 with the branch taken
WaitLowFine:
	;dex					; Future use
	;bne WaitLowFine		; 
	
;==============================================================================
; Next CurrentNote?
;==============================================================================
	dec CurrentNoteDuration ; 5
	bne Tone				; 3
;==============================================================================
; Get Next CurrentNote
;==============================================================================	
	inc CurrentNote			; Increment to next note
	inc CurrentNote			; Again to skip over duration
	lda CurrentNote
	tay						; Put it in index
	lda Song,y				; Load the note
	beq StartOver			; if END_SONG then go to reset
	sta Hold5				; otherwise, store in RAM
	lda Song+1,y			; load the note duration
	sta CurrentNoteDuration	; Store it in RAM
    jmp LoadTune			; Back to the top
    
StartOver:
	ldy #0
	sty CurrentNote
	sty Hold5
	sty CurrentNoteDuration
	jmp LoadTune
    
Song:
	byte E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,C_FIVE,HALF_NOTE
	byte D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,E_FIVE,WHOLE_NOTE
    byte D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,WHOLE_NOTE
    byte E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,G_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,G_FIVE,WHOLE_NOTE
    byte E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,C_FIVE,HALF_NOTE	
    byte D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE
    byte E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE	
    byte E_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,D_FIVE,HALF_NOTE,C_FIVE,WHOLE_NOTE	
    byte END_SONG


; End of Cartridge


    ORG $FFFA        ; set address to 6507 Interrupt Vectors 
    .WORD InitSystem ; NMI
    .WORD InitSystem ; RESET
    .WORD InitSystem ; IRQ

MHALL.bin

MHALL.asm

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New theory. I focused on frequency but not wavelength. As far as I can tell, my frequencies are correct but my wavelengths are only half of the normal wavelengths for any given frequency. Looking at graphs of frequencies, you see the waves goes from positive to negative and and back again. If I understand AUDF0 correctly, it goes from positive to zero, never negative, so the wavelength is only half the height. Does this sound plausible?

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New theory. I focused on frequency but not wavelength. As far as I can tell, my frequencies are correct but my wavelengths are only half of the normal wavelengths for any given frequency. Looking at graphs of frequencies, you see the waves goes from positive to negative and and back again. If I understand AUDF0 correctly, it goes from positive to zero, never negative, so the wavelength is only half the height. Does this sound plausible?

 

Nope or yup, depending on whether I understand correclty :) A full wavelength is defined by the full period of the signal. For a square wave, thats the full length between two rising edges like this:

---------        -
|       |        |
|       |        |
|       |        |
|       |________|

In particular, it is irrelevant between which levels the signal oscillates. The actual electrical signal generated by the audio circuit should be symmetrical (alternating between positive and negative polarity), and any constant offset would be imperceptible anyway.

Edited by DirtyHairy
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